A Comparative Analysis on Ecological Footprint of Consumption and Import in Premature Deindustrialized Countries
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the factors influencing the ecological footprint of consumption and import as indicators of environmental degradation in premature deindustrialized countries. Using advanced Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR) analysis, we examined a panel of 27 countries from 1991 to 2021. The main findings indicate that income, income inequality, and industrialization are positively correlated with the ecological footprint stemming from consumption, but an increase in the share of renewable energy consumption exhibits a mitigation effect. The ecological footprint stemming from imports, on the other hand, is exacerbated by income, industrialization, de facto trade globalization, and democracy, whereas it is negatively affected by the higher share of renewable energy consumption. Importantly, MMQR analysis reveals that the effect of each independent variable is non-linear, with the magnitude of coefficients varying across different quantiles of the ecological footprint of both consumption and import. From a policy standpoint, effective mitigation of different aspects of environmental degradation requires prioritization of income redistribution, the promotion of green industrialization, and the enhancement of renewable energy adoption, as well as careful management of trade globalization and democratic governance in premature deindustrialized countries.
JEL Codes: O1, O14, Q01, Q56
Keywords: Premature deindustrialization, Structural transformation, Environmental degradation, Ecological footprint, MMQR
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Article Details
How to Cite
Kozal, Özge (2024) “A Comparative Analysis on Ecological Footprint of Consumption and Import in Premature Deindustrialized Countries”, World Journal of Applied Economics, 10(2), pp. 87-109. doi: 10.22440/wjae.10.2.4.
Section
Research Articles
All published articles are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 Licence. Please visit Copyright Page for details.
References
Abdullahi, N. M., Ibrahim, A. A., Zhang, Q., & Huo, X. (2024). Dynamic linkages between financial development, economic growth, urbanization, trade openness, and ecological footprint: An empirical account of ECOWAS countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-28. doi:10.1007/s10668-024-04713-3
Acheampong, A. O., Opoku, E. E. O., & Dzator, J. (2022). Does democracy really improve environmental quality? Empirical contribution to the environmental politics debate. Energy Economics, 109, 105942. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105942
Adams, S., & Acheampong, A. O. (2019). Reducing carbon emissions: the role of renewable energy and democracy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 240, 118245. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118245
Aiginger, K., & Rodrik, D. (2020). Rebirth of Industrial Policy and an Agenda for the Twenty-First Century. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, 20, 189-207. doi:10.1007/s10842-019-00322-3
Akalin, G., & Erdogan, S. (2021). Does democracy help reduce environmental degradation? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28 , 7226-7235. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-11096-1
Al-Mulali, U., Weng-Wai, C., Sheau-Ting, L., & Mohammed, A. H. (2015). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation. Ecological Indicators, 48, 315-323. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.029
Alola, A. A., Bekun, F. V., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Dynamic impact of trade policy, economic growth, fertility rate, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on ecological footprint in Europe. Science of The Total Environment, 685, 702-709. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.139
Anwar, A., Ahmad, N., & Madni, G. R. (2020). Industrialization, freight transport and environmental quality: evidence from belt and road initiative economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27 (7), 7053-7070. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-07255-8
Anwar, A., Barut, A., Pala, F., Kilinc-Ata, N., Kaya, E., & Lien, D. T. Q. (2023). A different look at the environmental Kuznets curve from the perspective of environmental deterioration and economic policy uncertainty: evidence from fragile countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31 (34), 46235–46254. doi:10.1007/s11356-023-25650-w
Arrow, K., Bolin, B., Costanza, R., Dasgupta, P., Folke, C., Holling, C. S., . . . Pimentel, D. (1995). Economic growth, carrying capacity, and the environment. Ecological Economics, 15 (2), 91–95. doi:10.1016/0921-8009(95)00059-3
Asici, A. A., & Acar, S. (2016). Does income growth relocate ecological footprint? Ecological Indicators, 61 , 707-714. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.10.022
Awad, A. (2022). Is there any impact from ICT on environmental quality in Africa? Evidence from second-generation panel techniques. Environmental Challenges, 7, 100520. doi:10.1016/j.envc.2022.100520
Aydin, M., & Turan, Y. E. (2020). The influence of financial openness, trade openness, and energy intensity on ecological footprint: revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for BRICS countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27 (34), 43233-43245. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-10238-9
Bai, J., Choi, S. H., & Liao, Y. (2021). Feasible generalized least squares for panel data with cross-sectional and serial correlations. Empirical Economics, 60 , 309-326. doi:10.1007/s00181-020-01977-2
Barbieri, L. (2009). Panel unit root tests under cross-sectional dependence: An overview. Journal of Statistics: Advances in Theory and Applications, 1 (2), 117-158. https://scientificadvances.co.in/abstract/4/41/159.
Baumol, W. J. (1967). Macroeconomics of Unbalanced Growth: The Anatomy of Urban Crisis. The American Economic Review, 57 (3), 415–426.
Baumol, W. J. (1986). Productivity growth, convergence, and welfare: what the long-run data sho. The American Economic Review, 76 (5), 1072-1085.
Bekmez, S., & Ozsoy, F. N. (2016). The relation between environmental pollution and trade: A panel data analysis. Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development (JAEID), 110 (1), 57–72. doi:10.12895/jaeid.20161.398
Bersvendsen, T., & Ditzen, J. (2021). Testing for slope heterogeneity in Stata. The Stata Journal, 21 (1), 51-80. doi:10.1177/1536867X211000004
Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47 (1), 239-253. doi:10.2307/2297111
Buitenzorgy, M., & Mol, A. P. J. (2011). Does democracy lead to a better environment? Deforestation and the democratic transition peak. Environmental and Resource Economics, 48, 59-70. doi:10.1007/s10640-010-9397-y
Chaitanya, K. (2007). Rapid Economic Growth and Industrialization in India, China & Brazil: At What Cost? (Working Paper No. 897). William Davidson Institute, University of Michigan. http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64389/1/wp897.pdf.
Chen, J., Xian, Q., Zhou, J., & Li, D. (2020). Impact of income inequality on CO2 emissions in G20 countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 271 (3), 110987. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110987
Cherniwchan, J. (2012). Economic growth, industrialization, and the environment. Resource and Energy Economics, 34 (4), 442-467. doi:10.1016/j.reseneeco.2012.04.004
Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I., Teorell, J., Altman, D., . . . Ziblatt, D. (2024). V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset v14. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. doi:10.23696/mcwt-fr58
Covino, D., & Boccia, F. (2014). Environmental management and global trade’s effects. Quality - Access to Success, 15 (138), 79-83. doi:10.1016/j.reseneeco.2012.04.004
Dam, M. M., Kaya, F., & Bekun, F. V. (2024). How does technological innovation affect the ecological footprint? Evidence from E-7 countries in the background of the SDGs. Journal of Cleaner Production, 443, 141020. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141020
Dasgupta, S., & Singh, A. (2006). Manufacturing, services and premature deindustrialization in developing countries: A Kaldorian analysis (Research Paper No. 2006/49). UNU-WIDER, United Nations University. https://www.wider.unu.edu/sites/default/files/rp2006-49.pdf.
Destek, M. A., Hossain, M. R., & Khan, Z. (2024). Premature deindustrialization and environmental degradation. Gondwana Research, 127, 199-210. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2023.06.006
Destek, M. A., & Sinha, A. (2020). Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and ecological footprint: Evidence from organisation for economic Cooperation and development countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242, 118537. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118537
Dogan, E., Ulucak, R., Kocak, E., & Isik, C. (2020). The use of ecological footprint in estimating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for BRICST by considering crosssection dependence and heterogeneity. Science of the Total Environment, 723, 138063. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138063
Farzin, Y. H., & Bond, C. A. (2006). Democracy and environmental quality. Journal of Development Economics, 81 (1), 213-235. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.04.003
Gill, F. L., Viswanathan, K. K., & Karim, M. Z. A. (2018). The critical review of the pollution haven hypothesis. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 8 (1), 167-174. https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/5678.
Global Footprint Network. (2024). Open Data Platform. https://data.footprintnetwork.org/?_ga=2.191290543.447883305.1730839811-1750896311.1730839811#/.
Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement (Working Paper Series No. 3914). NBER. doi:doi.org/10.3386/w3914
Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110 (2), 353-377. doi:10.2307/2118443
Grunewald, N., Klasen, S., Martinez-Zarzoso, I., & Muris, C. (2017). The trade-off between income inequality and carbon dioxide emissions. Ecological Economics, 142 (2), 249-256. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.06.034
Gungor, H., Olanipekun, I. O., & Usman, O. (2021). Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: the role of energy consumption and democratic accountability. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28 , 1464-1478. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-10317-x
Heilbroner, R. (1974). An Inquiry into the Human Prospect. Norton, New York.
Jahanger, A., Zaman, U., Hossain, M. R., & Awan, A. (2023). Articulating CO2 emissions limiting roles of nuclear energy and ICT under the EKC hypothesis: An application of nonparametric MMQR approach. Geoscience Frontiers, 14 (5), 101589. doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2023.101589
Khan, H., Weili, L., Khan, I., & Han, L. (2022). The effect of income inequality and energy consumption on environmental degradation: the role of institutions and financial development in 180 countries of the world. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29 (14), 20632-20649. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-17278-9
KOF Swiss Economic Institute. (2024). KOF Time Series Database. https://kof.ethz.ch/en/data/kof-time-series-database.html.
Li, T., Li, Y., An, D., Han, Y., Xu, S., Lu, Z., & Crittenden, J. (2019). Mining of the association rules between industrialization level and air quality to inform high quality development in China. Journal of Environmental Management, 246, 564-574. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.022
Machado, J. A., & Silva, J. S. (2019). Quantiles via moments. Journal of Econometrics, 213 (1), 145-173. doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2019.04.009
Meadows, D. H., Randers, J., & Meadows, D. L. (2013). The Limits to Growth (1972). In L. Robin, S. Sorlin, & P. Warde (Eds.), The Future of Nature: Documents of Global Change (p. 101-116). Yale University Press, New Haven. doi:10.12987/9780300188479-012
Moore, F. C. (2009). Climate change and air pollution: exploring the synergies and potential for mitigation in industrializing countries. Sustainability, 1 (1), 43-54. doi:10.3390/su1010043
Murshed, M., Haseeb, M., & Alam, M. S. (2022). The environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for carbon and ecological footprints in South Asia: the role of renewable energy. GeoJournal, 87 (3), 2345-2372. doi:10.1007/s10708-020-10370-6
Nasir, M. A., Canh, N. P., & Le, T. N. L. (2021). Environmental degradation & role of financialisation, economic development, industrialisation and trade liberalisation. Journal of Environmental Management, 277 , 111471. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111471
Nathaniel, S., & Khan, S. A. R. (2020). The nexus between urbanization, renewable energy, trade, and ecological footprint in ASEAN countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 272, 122709. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122709
Opoku, E. E. O., & Aluko, O. A. (2021). Heterogeneous effects of industrialization on the environment: Evidence from panel quantile regression. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 59, 174-184. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2021.08.015
Ozokcu, S., & Ozdemir, O. (2017). Economic growth, energy, and environmental Kuznets curve. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, 639-647. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.059
Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22 (2), 265-312. doi:10.1002/jae.951
Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11 (1), 105-127. doi:10.1111/j.1368-423X.2007.00227.x
Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142 (1), 50-93. doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010
Rekha, R., & Babu, M. S. (2022). Premature deindustrialisation and growth slowdowns in middle-income countries. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 62, 377-389. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2022.04.001
Rodrik, D. (2016). Premature deindustrialization. Journal of Economic Growth, 21, 1-33. doi:10.1007/s10887-015-9122-3
Rosa, E. A., Rudel, T. K., York, R., Jorgenson, A. K., & Dietz, T. (2015). The human (anthropogenic) driving forces of global climate change. In R. E. Dunlap & R. J. Brulle (Eds.), Climate Change and Society: Sociological Perspectives (p. 32-60). Oxford Academic, New York. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199356102.003.0002
Rowthorn, R., & Ramaswamy, R. (1999). Growth, Trade, and Deindustrialization. IMF Economic Review, 46 (1), 18–41. doi:10.2307/3867633
Selden, T. M., & Song, D. (1994). Environmental quality and development: Is there a Kuznets curve for air pollution emissions? Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27 (2), 147-162. doi:10.1006/jeem.1994.1031
Shafik, N., & Bandyopadhyay, S. (1992). Economic growth and environmental quality: time series and cross-country evidence (Policy Research Working Papers No. 904). World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/833431468739515725/Economic-growth-and-environmental-quality-time-series-and-cross-country-evidence.
Steffen, W., Broadgate, W., Deutsch, L., Gaffney, O., & Ludwig, C. (2015). The trajectory of the Anthropocene: the great acceleration. The Anthropocene Review, 2 (1), 81-98. doi:10.1177/2053019614564785
Steffen, W., Asa Persson, Deutsch, L., Zalasiewicz, J., Williams, M., Richardson, K., . . . Svedin, U. (2011). The Anthropocene: From global change to planetary stewardship. Ambio, 40, 739-761. doi:10.1007/s13280-011-0185-x
Suki, N. M., Sharif, A., Afshan, S., & Suki, N. M. (2020). Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve in Malaysia: the role of globalization in sustainable environment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 264, 121669. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121669
Swamy, P. A. V. B. (1970). Efficient Inference in a Random Coefficient Regression Model. Econometrica, 38 (2), 311–323. doi:10.2307/1913012
Szirmai, A. (2012). Industrialisation as an engine of growth in developing countries, 1950–2005. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 23 (4), 406-420. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2011.01.005
Szirmai, A. (2013). Manufacturing and economic development. In A. Szirmai, W. Naud´e, & L. Alcorta (Eds.), Pathways to Industrialization in the Twenty-First Century: New Challenges and Emerging Paradigms (p. 53-75). OUP Oxford. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199667857.003.0002
Tregenna, F. (2016). Deindustrialization and premature deindustrialization. In E. S. Reinert, J. Ghosh, & R. Kattel (Eds.), Handbook of Alternative Theories of Economic Development (p. 710–728). Edward Edgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK. doi:10.4337/9781782544685.00046
Udeagha, M. C., & Ngepah, N. (2022). Disaggregating the environmental effects of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption in South Africa: fresh evidence from the novel dynamic ARDL simulations approach. Economic Change and Restructuring, 55 (3), 1767-1814. doi:10.1007/s10644-021-09368-y
Usman, M., Rahman, S. U., Shafique, M. R., Sadiq, A., & Idrees, S. (2023). Renewable energy, trade and economic growth on nitrous oxide emission in G-7 countries using panel ARDL approach. Journal of Social Sciences Review, 3 (2), 131–143. doi:10.54183/jssr.v3i2.219
Wadanambi, R. T.,Wandana, L. S., Chathumini, K. K. G. L., Dassanayake, N. P., Preethika, D. D. P., & Arachchige, U. S. (2020). The effects of industrialization on climate change. Journal of Research Technology & Engineering, 1 (4), 86-94.
Wang, N., Zhu, H., Guo, Y., & Peng, C. (2018). The heterogeneous effect of democracy, political globalization, and urbanization on PM2.5 concentrations in G20 countries: Evidence from panel quantile regression. Journal of Cleaner Production, 194, 54-68. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.092
Wang, Q., Wang, X., Li, R., & Jiang, X. (2024). Reinvestigating the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) of carbon emissions and ecological footprint in 147 countries: a matter of trade protectionism. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11, 160. doi:10.1057/s41599-024-02639-9
Wenlong, Z., Tien, N. H., Sibghatullah, A., Asih, D., Soelton, M., & Ramli, Y. (2023). Impact of energy efficiency, technology innovation, institutional quality, and trade openness on greenhouse gas emissions in ten Asian economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30 (15), 43024–43039. doi:10.1007/s11356-022-20079-3
WID. (2024). World Inequality Database. https://wid.world/.
World Bank. (2024). World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators.
You, W. H., Zhu, H. M., Yu, K., & Peng, C. (2015). Democracy, financial openness, and global carbon dioxide emissions: heterogeneity across existing emission levels. World Development, 66, 189-207. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.08.013
Zafar, A., Ullah, S., Majeed, M. T., & Yasmeen, R. (2020). Environmental pollution in Asian economies: does the industrialisation matter? OPEC Energy Review, 44 (3), 227-248. doi:10.1111/opec.12181
Acheampong, A. O., Opoku, E. E. O., & Dzator, J. (2022). Does democracy really improve environmental quality? Empirical contribution to the environmental politics debate. Energy Economics, 109, 105942. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105942
Adams, S., & Acheampong, A. O. (2019). Reducing carbon emissions: the role of renewable energy and democracy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 240, 118245. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118245
Aiginger, K., & Rodrik, D. (2020). Rebirth of Industrial Policy and an Agenda for the Twenty-First Century. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, 20, 189-207. doi:10.1007/s10842-019-00322-3
Akalin, G., & Erdogan, S. (2021). Does democracy help reduce environmental degradation? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28 , 7226-7235. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-11096-1
Al-Mulali, U., Weng-Wai, C., Sheau-Ting, L., & Mohammed, A. H. (2015). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation. Ecological Indicators, 48, 315-323. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.029
Alola, A. A., Bekun, F. V., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Dynamic impact of trade policy, economic growth, fertility rate, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on ecological footprint in Europe. Science of The Total Environment, 685, 702-709. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.139
Anwar, A., Ahmad, N., & Madni, G. R. (2020). Industrialization, freight transport and environmental quality: evidence from belt and road initiative economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27 (7), 7053-7070. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-07255-8
Anwar, A., Barut, A., Pala, F., Kilinc-Ata, N., Kaya, E., & Lien, D. T. Q. (2023). A different look at the environmental Kuznets curve from the perspective of environmental deterioration and economic policy uncertainty: evidence from fragile countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31 (34), 46235–46254. doi:10.1007/s11356-023-25650-w
Arrow, K., Bolin, B., Costanza, R., Dasgupta, P., Folke, C., Holling, C. S., . . . Pimentel, D. (1995). Economic growth, carrying capacity, and the environment. Ecological Economics, 15 (2), 91–95. doi:10.1016/0921-8009(95)00059-3
Asici, A. A., & Acar, S. (2016). Does income growth relocate ecological footprint? Ecological Indicators, 61 , 707-714. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.10.022
Awad, A. (2022). Is there any impact from ICT on environmental quality in Africa? Evidence from second-generation panel techniques. Environmental Challenges, 7, 100520. doi:10.1016/j.envc.2022.100520
Aydin, M., & Turan, Y. E. (2020). The influence of financial openness, trade openness, and energy intensity on ecological footprint: revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for BRICS countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27 (34), 43233-43245. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-10238-9
Bai, J., Choi, S. H., & Liao, Y. (2021). Feasible generalized least squares for panel data with cross-sectional and serial correlations. Empirical Economics, 60 , 309-326. doi:10.1007/s00181-020-01977-2
Barbieri, L. (2009). Panel unit root tests under cross-sectional dependence: An overview. Journal of Statistics: Advances in Theory and Applications, 1 (2), 117-158. https://scientificadvances.co.in/abstract/4/41/159.
Baumol, W. J. (1967). Macroeconomics of Unbalanced Growth: The Anatomy of Urban Crisis. The American Economic Review, 57 (3), 415–426.
Baumol, W. J. (1986). Productivity growth, convergence, and welfare: what the long-run data sho. The American Economic Review, 76 (5), 1072-1085.
Bekmez, S., & Ozsoy, F. N. (2016). The relation between environmental pollution and trade: A panel data analysis. Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development (JAEID), 110 (1), 57–72. doi:10.12895/jaeid.20161.398
Bersvendsen, T., & Ditzen, J. (2021). Testing for slope heterogeneity in Stata. The Stata Journal, 21 (1), 51-80. doi:10.1177/1536867X211000004
Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47 (1), 239-253. doi:10.2307/2297111
Buitenzorgy, M., & Mol, A. P. J. (2011). Does democracy lead to a better environment? Deforestation and the democratic transition peak. Environmental and Resource Economics, 48, 59-70. doi:10.1007/s10640-010-9397-y
Chaitanya, K. (2007). Rapid Economic Growth and Industrialization in India, China & Brazil: At What Cost? (Working Paper No. 897). William Davidson Institute, University of Michigan. http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64389/1/wp897.pdf.
Chen, J., Xian, Q., Zhou, J., & Li, D. (2020). Impact of income inequality on CO2 emissions in G20 countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 271 (3), 110987. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110987
Cherniwchan, J. (2012). Economic growth, industrialization, and the environment. Resource and Energy Economics, 34 (4), 442-467. doi:10.1016/j.reseneeco.2012.04.004
Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I., Teorell, J., Altman, D., . . . Ziblatt, D. (2024). V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset v14. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. doi:10.23696/mcwt-fr58
Covino, D., & Boccia, F. (2014). Environmental management and global trade’s effects. Quality - Access to Success, 15 (138), 79-83. doi:10.1016/j.reseneeco.2012.04.004
Dam, M. M., Kaya, F., & Bekun, F. V. (2024). How does technological innovation affect the ecological footprint? Evidence from E-7 countries in the background of the SDGs. Journal of Cleaner Production, 443, 141020. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141020
Dasgupta, S., & Singh, A. (2006). Manufacturing, services and premature deindustrialization in developing countries: A Kaldorian analysis (Research Paper No. 2006/49). UNU-WIDER, United Nations University. https://www.wider.unu.edu/sites/default/files/rp2006-49.pdf.
Destek, M. A., Hossain, M. R., & Khan, Z. (2024). Premature deindustrialization and environmental degradation. Gondwana Research, 127, 199-210. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2023.06.006
Destek, M. A., & Sinha, A. (2020). Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and ecological footprint: Evidence from organisation for economic Cooperation and development countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242, 118537. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118537
Dogan, E., Ulucak, R., Kocak, E., & Isik, C. (2020). The use of ecological footprint in estimating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for BRICST by considering crosssection dependence and heterogeneity. Science of the Total Environment, 723, 138063. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138063
Farzin, Y. H., & Bond, C. A. (2006). Democracy and environmental quality. Journal of Development Economics, 81 (1), 213-235. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.04.003
Gill, F. L., Viswanathan, K. K., & Karim, M. Z. A. (2018). The critical review of the pollution haven hypothesis. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 8 (1), 167-174. https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/5678.
Global Footprint Network. (2024). Open Data Platform. https://data.footprintnetwork.org/?_ga=2.191290543.447883305.1730839811-1750896311.1730839811#/.
Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement (Working Paper Series No. 3914). NBER. doi:doi.org/10.3386/w3914
Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110 (2), 353-377. doi:10.2307/2118443
Grunewald, N., Klasen, S., Martinez-Zarzoso, I., & Muris, C. (2017). The trade-off between income inequality and carbon dioxide emissions. Ecological Economics, 142 (2), 249-256. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.06.034
Gungor, H., Olanipekun, I. O., & Usman, O. (2021). Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: the role of energy consumption and democratic accountability. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28 , 1464-1478. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-10317-x
Heilbroner, R. (1974). An Inquiry into the Human Prospect. Norton, New York.
Jahanger, A., Zaman, U., Hossain, M. R., & Awan, A. (2023). Articulating CO2 emissions limiting roles of nuclear energy and ICT under the EKC hypothesis: An application of nonparametric MMQR approach. Geoscience Frontiers, 14 (5), 101589. doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2023.101589
Khan, H., Weili, L., Khan, I., & Han, L. (2022). The effect of income inequality and energy consumption on environmental degradation: the role of institutions and financial development in 180 countries of the world. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29 (14), 20632-20649. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-17278-9
KOF Swiss Economic Institute. (2024). KOF Time Series Database. https://kof.ethz.ch/en/data/kof-time-series-database.html.
Li, T., Li, Y., An, D., Han, Y., Xu, S., Lu, Z., & Crittenden, J. (2019). Mining of the association rules between industrialization level and air quality to inform high quality development in China. Journal of Environmental Management, 246, 564-574. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.022
Machado, J. A., & Silva, J. S. (2019). Quantiles via moments. Journal of Econometrics, 213 (1), 145-173. doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2019.04.009
Meadows, D. H., Randers, J., & Meadows, D. L. (2013). The Limits to Growth (1972). In L. Robin, S. Sorlin, & P. Warde (Eds.), The Future of Nature: Documents of Global Change (p. 101-116). Yale University Press, New Haven. doi:10.12987/9780300188479-012
Moore, F. C. (2009). Climate change and air pollution: exploring the synergies and potential for mitigation in industrializing countries. Sustainability, 1 (1), 43-54. doi:10.3390/su1010043
Murshed, M., Haseeb, M., & Alam, M. S. (2022). The environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for carbon and ecological footprints in South Asia: the role of renewable energy. GeoJournal, 87 (3), 2345-2372. doi:10.1007/s10708-020-10370-6
Nasir, M. A., Canh, N. P., & Le, T. N. L. (2021). Environmental degradation & role of financialisation, economic development, industrialisation and trade liberalisation. Journal of Environmental Management, 277 , 111471. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111471
Nathaniel, S., & Khan, S. A. R. (2020). The nexus between urbanization, renewable energy, trade, and ecological footprint in ASEAN countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 272, 122709. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122709
Opoku, E. E. O., & Aluko, O. A. (2021). Heterogeneous effects of industrialization on the environment: Evidence from panel quantile regression. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 59, 174-184. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2021.08.015
Ozokcu, S., & Ozdemir, O. (2017). Economic growth, energy, and environmental Kuznets curve. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, 639-647. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.059
Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22 (2), 265-312. doi:10.1002/jae.951
Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11 (1), 105-127. doi:10.1111/j.1368-423X.2007.00227.x
Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142 (1), 50-93. doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010
Rekha, R., & Babu, M. S. (2022). Premature deindustrialisation and growth slowdowns in middle-income countries. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 62, 377-389. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2022.04.001
Rodrik, D. (2016). Premature deindustrialization. Journal of Economic Growth, 21, 1-33. doi:10.1007/s10887-015-9122-3
Rosa, E. A., Rudel, T. K., York, R., Jorgenson, A. K., & Dietz, T. (2015). The human (anthropogenic) driving forces of global climate change. In R. E. Dunlap & R. J. Brulle (Eds.), Climate Change and Society: Sociological Perspectives (p. 32-60). Oxford Academic, New York. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199356102.003.0002
Rowthorn, R., & Ramaswamy, R. (1999). Growth, Trade, and Deindustrialization. IMF Economic Review, 46 (1), 18–41. doi:10.2307/3867633
Selden, T. M., & Song, D. (1994). Environmental quality and development: Is there a Kuznets curve for air pollution emissions? Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27 (2), 147-162. doi:10.1006/jeem.1994.1031
Shafik, N., & Bandyopadhyay, S. (1992). Economic growth and environmental quality: time series and cross-country evidence (Policy Research Working Papers No. 904). World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/833431468739515725/Economic-growth-and-environmental-quality-time-series-and-cross-country-evidence.
Steffen, W., Broadgate, W., Deutsch, L., Gaffney, O., & Ludwig, C. (2015). The trajectory of the Anthropocene: the great acceleration. The Anthropocene Review, 2 (1), 81-98. doi:10.1177/2053019614564785
Steffen, W., Asa Persson, Deutsch, L., Zalasiewicz, J., Williams, M., Richardson, K., . . . Svedin, U. (2011). The Anthropocene: From global change to planetary stewardship. Ambio, 40, 739-761. doi:10.1007/s13280-011-0185-x
Suki, N. M., Sharif, A., Afshan, S., & Suki, N. M. (2020). Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve in Malaysia: the role of globalization in sustainable environment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 264, 121669. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121669
Swamy, P. A. V. B. (1970). Efficient Inference in a Random Coefficient Regression Model. Econometrica, 38 (2), 311–323. doi:10.2307/1913012
Szirmai, A. (2012). Industrialisation as an engine of growth in developing countries, 1950–2005. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 23 (4), 406-420. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2011.01.005
Szirmai, A. (2013). Manufacturing and economic development. In A. Szirmai, W. Naud´e, & L. Alcorta (Eds.), Pathways to Industrialization in the Twenty-First Century: New Challenges and Emerging Paradigms (p. 53-75). OUP Oxford. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199667857.003.0002
Tregenna, F. (2016). Deindustrialization and premature deindustrialization. In E. S. Reinert, J. Ghosh, & R. Kattel (Eds.), Handbook of Alternative Theories of Economic Development (p. 710–728). Edward Edgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK. doi:10.4337/9781782544685.00046
Udeagha, M. C., & Ngepah, N. (2022). Disaggregating the environmental effects of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption in South Africa: fresh evidence from the novel dynamic ARDL simulations approach. Economic Change and Restructuring, 55 (3), 1767-1814. doi:10.1007/s10644-021-09368-y
Usman, M., Rahman, S. U., Shafique, M. R., Sadiq, A., & Idrees, S. (2023). Renewable energy, trade and economic growth on nitrous oxide emission in G-7 countries using panel ARDL approach. Journal of Social Sciences Review, 3 (2), 131–143. doi:10.54183/jssr.v3i2.219
Wadanambi, R. T.,Wandana, L. S., Chathumini, K. K. G. L., Dassanayake, N. P., Preethika, D. D. P., & Arachchige, U. S. (2020). The effects of industrialization on climate change. Journal of Research Technology & Engineering, 1 (4), 86-94.
Wang, N., Zhu, H., Guo, Y., & Peng, C. (2018). The heterogeneous effect of democracy, political globalization, and urbanization on PM2.5 concentrations in G20 countries: Evidence from panel quantile regression. Journal of Cleaner Production, 194, 54-68. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.092
Wang, Q., Wang, X., Li, R., & Jiang, X. (2024). Reinvestigating the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) of carbon emissions and ecological footprint in 147 countries: a matter of trade protectionism. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11, 160. doi:10.1057/s41599-024-02639-9
Wenlong, Z., Tien, N. H., Sibghatullah, A., Asih, D., Soelton, M., & Ramli, Y. (2023). Impact of energy efficiency, technology innovation, institutional quality, and trade openness on greenhouse gas emissions in ten Asian economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30 (15), 43024–43039. doi:10.1007/s11356-022-20079-3
WID. (2024). World Inequality Database. https://wid.world/.
World Bank. (2024). World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators.
You, W. H., Zhu, H. M., Yu, K., & Peng, C. (2015). Democracy, financial openness, and global carbon dioxide emissions: heterogeneity across existing emission levels. World Development, 66, 189-207. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.08.013
Zafar, A., Ullah, S., Majeed, M. T., & Yasmeen, R. (2020). Environmental pollution in Asian economies: does the industrialisation matter? OPEC Energy Review, 44 (3), 227-248. doi:10.1111/opec.12181