Determinants of Bilateral Trade between Europeans and the Ottoman Empire: 1878-1913
Article Sidebar
Published
Dec 15, 2022
Main Article Content
Abstract
During the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire experienced an increased integration into the world economy, primarily through the development of bilateral trade with European markets. This study examines the determinants of bilateral trade of the Ottoman Empire with its trading partners between 1878 and 1913 using a panel regression framework. The results indicate that the GDP of trading partners, distance, common borders, and the adoption of the metric system significantly affected bilateral trade. In contrast, the GDP of the Ottoman Empire, trade agreements, railways, and commercial ports had no statistically significant effects on the mentioned trade relations.
JEL classification: B10, N7, F14
Keywords: Ottoman Empire, Nineteenth century, Foreign trade, Gravity model of trade
Downloads
Article Details
How to Cite
Türel, M. and Baycar, K. (2022) “Determinants of Bilateral Trade between Europeans and the Ottoman Empire: 1878-1913”, World Journal of Applied Economics, 8(2), pp. 81-91. doi: 10.22440/wjae.8.2.3.
Section
Research Articles
All published articles are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 Licence. Please visit Copyright Page for details.
References
Anderson, J. E., & van Wincoop, E. (2003). Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle. American Economic Review, 93, 170–192. doi:10.1257/000282803321455214
Bagis, A. (1983). Osmanli Ticaretinde Gayri Muslimler Kapitulasyonlar, Beratli Tuccarlar Avrupa ve Hayriye Tuccarlari, (1750-1839). Turhan Kitapevi, Ankara.
Bartholomew, J. (1890). Library Reference Atlas of the World. MacMillan, New York.
Baycar, K. (2022). Ottoman Integration into the European Metric System and the Standardization of Scales, 1860–1930. Archiv orientalni, 89, 589-613. doi:10.47979/aror.j.89.3.589-613
Broadberry, S., & Klein, A. (2012). Aggregate and Per capita GDP in Europe, 1870–2000: Continental, Regional and National Data with Changing Boundaries. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 60, 79-107. doi:10.1080/03585522.2012.651306
Cetin, M. (2019). Osmanli Devleti’nin Dis Ticaretinin Cekim Modeli Yaklasimi ile Analizi. Journal of Turkish Studies, 14, 2163-2177. doi:10.29228/TurkishStudies.23459
Dow, E. (1920). Atlas of European History. Henry Holt and Company, New York.
Eichengreen, B., & Irwin, D. A. (1996). The Role of History in Bilateral Trade Flows. Working Paper, NBER.
Eldem, V. (1994). Osmanli Imparatorlugunu Iktisadi Sartlari Hakkinda Bir Tetkik. Turk Tarih Kurumu Yayinlari, Ankara.
Engin, V., Ucar, A., & Dogan, O. (2012). Osmanli'da Ulasim: Kara, Deniz, Demiryolu. Camlica Basin Yayin, Istanbul.
Estevadeordal, A., Frantz, B., & Taylor, A. M. (2003). The Rise and Fall of World Trade, 1870–1939. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118, 359–407. doi:10.1162/003355303321675419
Francois, C. (2003). Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights, and Measures: Their SI Equivalences and Origins. Springer, London.
Geyikdagi, V. N. (2011). Foreign Investment in the Ottoman Empire: International Trade and Relations, 1854–1914. Tauris Academic Studies, London.
Guran, T. (2017). Resmi Istatistiklere Gore Osmanli Toplum ve Ekonomisi. Is Bankasi Yayinlari, Istanbul.
Hanedar, A. Ö. (2016). Effects of Wars and Boycotts on International Trade: Evidence from the Late Ottoman Empire. The International Trade Journal, 30, 59–79. doi:10.1080/08853908.2015.1102107
Kasaba, R. (1993). Osmanlı Imparatorlugu ve Dunya Ekonomisi Ondokuzuncu Yuzyil. Belge Yayinlari, Istanbul.
Keyder, C., Ozveren, E., & Quataert, D. (Eds.). (1993). Port-Cities of the Eastern Mediterranean, 1800-1914. Fernand Braudel Center, Binghamton University.
Kutukoglu, M. (2013). Baltalimanina Giden Yol, Osmanli Ingiliz Iktisadi Munasebetleri, 1580-1850. Turk Tarih Kurumu Yayinlari, Ankara.
Li, Z., Panza, L., & Song, Y. (2019). The Evolution of Ottoman-European Market Linkages, 1469-1914. Explorations in Economic History, 71, 112-134. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2018.10.002
Maddison, A. (2003). The World Economy: Historical Statistics. OECD Development Centre, Paris.
Mitchell, B. R. (1998). International Historical Statistics: Europe, 1750-1993. Palgrave Macmillan, London. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-14735-9
Pamuk, S. (1978). Foreign Trade, Foreign Capital and the Peripheralization of the Ottoman Empire, 1830–1913. PhD Thesis, University of California, Berkeley.
Pamuk, S. (1995). Ottoman Foreign Trade in the 19th Century. State Institute of Statistics, Ankara.
Pamuk, S. (2000). A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York.
Pamuk, S. (2006). Estimating Economic Growth in the Middle East Since 1820. The Journal of Economic History, 66, 809–928. doi:10.1017/S0022050706000337
Sahillioglu, H. (1968). 1763'te Izmir Limani Ihracat Gumrugu ve Tarifesi. Belgelerle Turk Tarihi Dergisi, 8, 53-57.
Santos Silva, J. M., & Tenreyro, S. (2006). The Log of Gravity. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 88, 641-658. doi:10.1162/rest.88.4.641
Tinbergen, J. (1962). Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy. The Twentieth Century Funds.
Bagis, A. (1983). Osmanli Ticaretinde Gayri Muslimler Kapitulasyonlar, Beratli Tuccarlar Avrupa ve Hayriye Tuccarlari, (1750-1839). Turhan Kitapevi, Ankara.
Bartholomew, J. (1890). Library Reference Atlas of the World. MacMillan, New York.
Baycar, K. (2022). Ottoman Integration into the European Metric System and the Standardization of Scales, 1860–1930. Archiv orientalni, 89, 589-613. doi:10.47979/aror.j.89.3.589-613
Broadberry, S., & Klein, A. (2012). Aggregate and Per capita GDP in Europe, 1870–2000: Continental, Regional and National Data with Changing Boundaries. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 60, 79-107. doi:10.1080/03585522.2012.651306
Cetin, M. (2019). Osmanli Devleti’nin Dis Ticaretinin Cekim Modeli Yaklasimi ile Analizi. Journal of Turkish Studies, 14, 2163-2177. doi:10.29228/TurkishStudies.23459
Dow, E. (1920). Atlas of European History. Henry Holt and Company, New York.
Eichengreen, B., & Irwin, D. A. (1996). The Role of History in Bilateral Trade Flows. Working Paper, NBER.
Eldem, V. (1994). Osmanli Imparatorlugunu Iktisadi Sartlari Hakkinda Bir Tetkik. Turk Tarih Kurumu Yayinlari, Ankara.
Engin, V., Ucar, A., & Dogan, O. (2012). Osmanli'da Ulasim: Kara, Deniz, Demiryolu. Camlica Basin Yayin, Istanbul.
Estevadeordal, A., Frantz, B., & Taylor, A. M. (2003). The Rise and Fall of World Trade, 1870–1939. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118, 359–407. doi:10.1162/003355303321675419
Francois, C. (2003). Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights, and Measures: Their SI Equivalences and Origins. Springer, London.
Geyikdagi, V. N. (2011). Foreign Investment in the Ottoman Empire: International Trade and Relations, 1854–1914. Tauris Academic Studies, London.
Guran, T. (2017). Resmi Istatistiklere Gore Osmanli Toplum ve Ekonomisi. Is Bankasi Yayinlari, Istanbul.
Hanedar, A. Ö. (2016). Effects of Wars and Boycotts on International Trade: Evidence from the Late Ottoman Empire. The International Trade Journal, 30, 59–79. doi:10.1080/08853908.2015.1102107
Kasaba, R. (1993). Osmanlı Imparatorlugu ve Dunya Ekonomisi Ondokuzuncu Yuzyil. Belge Yayinlari, Istanbul.
Keyder, C., Ozveren, E., & Quataert, D. (Eds.). (1993). Port-Cities of the Eastern Mediterranean, 1800-1914. Fernand Braudel Center, Binghamton University.
Kutukoglu, M. (2013). Baltalimanina Giden Yol, Osmanli Ingiliz Iktisadi Munasebetleri, 1580-1850. Turk Tarih Kurumu Yayinlari, Ankara.
Li, Z., Panza, L., & Song, Y. (2019). The Evolution of Ottoman-European Market Linkages, 1469-1914. Explorations in Economic History, 71, 112-134. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2018.10.002
Maddison, A. (2003). The World Economy: Historical Statistics. OECD Development Centre, Paris.
Mitchell, B. R. (1998). International Historical Statistics: Europe, 1750-1993. Palgrave Macmillan, London. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-14735-9
Pamuk, S. (1978). Foreign Trade, Foreign Capital and the Peripheralization of the Ottoman Empire, 1830–1913. PhD Thesis, University of California, Berkeley.
Pamuk, S. (1995). Ottoman Foreign Trade in the 19th Century. State Institute of Statistics, Ankara.
Pamuk, S. (2000). A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York.
Pamuk, S. (2006). Estimating Economic Growth in the Middle East Since 1820. The Journal of Economic History, 66, 809–928. doi:10.1017/S0022050706000337
Sahillioglu, H. (1968). 1763'te Izmir Limani Ihracat Gumrugu ve Tarifesi. Belgelerle Turk Tarihi Dergisi, 8, 53-57.
Santos Silva, J. M., & Tenreyro, S. (2006). The Log of Gravity. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 88, 641-658. doi:10.1162/rest.88.4.641
Tinbergen, J. (1962). Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy. The Twentieth Century Funds.